Travel Speed — What It Is and Why It Matters
Travel speed is the rate at which the welding torch or electrode moves along the joint during welding. It is one of the three primary variables (along with amperage and voltage) that determine heat input, bead shape, and weld quality. Travel speed is measured in inches per minute (IPM) for automated welding but controlled by feel and visual feedback in manual welding.
Faster travel speed reduces heat input per unit length, producing a narrower bead with less penetration and less distortion. Slower travel speed increases heat input, producing a wider bead with more penetration but also more distortion, larger HAZ, and risk of burn-through on thin material.
The correct travel speed produces a bead that is properly sized for the joint, achieves the required penetration, and shows consistent, evenly spaced ripples. Too fast produces a thin, ropy bead with insufficient fusion. Too slow produces an excessively wide, flat bead with excessive reinforcement and potential for the weld pool to run ahead of the arc.
Frequently Asked Questions
How do I know if my travel speed is correct?
Watch the weld pool and the resulting bead. The pool should maintain a consistent size and shape, with the arc at the leading edge. The bead should show even, consistent ripples. Too fast = thin, ropy bead with undercut. Too slow = wide, heavy bead with excessive buildup. Listen to the arc — an even, consistent sound indicates steady travel speed.
Should I push or pull when welding?
This depends on the process. MIG welding generally produces better results when pushing (forehand technique) — the gas coverage leads the puddle. Stick welding is typically done pulling (backhand/drag). TIG welding can go either way depending on the joint and position. Both techniques produce acceptable welds when executed properly.